Publications

Academic Publications

At ILSE, we publish our very own series Christian Perspectives on Leadership and Social Ethics. This is an academic peer reviewed series in the area of theological perspectives on leadership studies, social ethics and other themes that are relevant for leaders in the public domain. While written with academic rigor, this series seeks to be accessible for practitioners in leadership and leadership development. To purchase a book, please contact Peeters directly. In addition, our publications include books and articles written by members of the ILSE Steering Committee. Please contact us if you would like to purchase a copy of a book.

2024

Bridge-building Leadership in a Polarizing World

Barentsen, J., and Tulp, C.D. (eds.) Peeters 2024

Bridge-building LeadershipBridge-building leadership creates the conditions to live and function together in peace and mutual respect, precisely as we acknowledge the complex and multi-dimensional differences (social, ethnic, political, religious, etc.). Such differences often divide to the point of polarization, instead of generating a sense of wholeness, integration, or unity through distinctiveness and complementarity. Thus, building bridges across intersecting differences will not automatically create healthy collaboration or even harmony, especially in a highly polarized context. The term “polarization” often indicates an unwillingness for one pole to acknowledge or affirm the other. The frequency of this type of discourse is the occasion for this volume, which is not so much a general exercise in bridge-building, which happens and has happened over many centuries, but an attempt to generate knowledge and potential models of bridge-building in a polarizing environment where the poles are so far apart that bridges seem impossible.

 

2023

Fittingness and Environmental Ethics: Philosophical, Theological and Applied Perspectives

Northcott, M. S., P., and Van den Heuvel, S.C. (eds.) Routledge 2023

Fittingness and Environmental EthicsThis volume focuses on ‘fittingness’ as an ethicalaesthetical idea, and in particular examines how the concept is beneficial for environmental ethics. Fittingness interacts powerfully with a whole cluster of relational and moral terms – such as appropriateness, prudence, temperance, mutuality – that the book suggests can be of great benefit in reframing human relationships to the non-human.

 

2022

“The Concept of Nature in Bonhoeffer’s Creation and Fall as a Resource for Developing an Evangelical Ecotheology”

Van den Heuvel S.C. The Bonhoeffer Legacy: An International Journal 8 (2)

The Bonhoeffer LegacyWhat is the concept of nature that Dietrich Bonhoeffer developed in his lectures on Genesis 1–3? The aim of exploring this question is to investigate in which way Bonhoeffer’s concept of nature can function as a resource in the further development of an evangelical ecotheology. The article concludes that it has a lot to offer, as it holds the promise of helping to increase the ecological awareness of evangelicals, not least because of the popularity that Bonhoeffer’s theology enjoys among them.

Relational Anthropology for Contemporary Economics: A Multidisciplinary Approach

Van Nes, J., Nullens, P., and Van den Heuvel, S.C. (eds.) Springer 2022

Relational Anthropology for Contemporary Economics (Springer)
This open access book offers a multidisciplinary dialogue on relational anthropology in contemporary economics. A particular view of the human being is often assumed in economic models, but seldom acknowledged let alone explicated. Addressing this neglected area of research in economic studies, altogether the contributors touch upon the importance and potential of virtues, the notions of freedom and self-love, the potential of simulation models, the dialectics of love, and questions of methodology in constructing a relational anthropology for contemporary economics. The overall result is a highly informative and constructive dialogue, establishing inter alia a research agenda for future collaborative and multidisciplinary study.

The book is free and unlimited available here: here.

 

2021

“The Future on Love and Business Organizing. An Agenda for Growth and Affirmation of People and the Environment (AGAPE)”

Hummels, H., Lee, M.T., Nullens, P., et al., Humanistic Management Journal (2021)

Business and love appear to have little to do with each other. We hold the opposite to be true if the concept of love in business draws from two corresponding grammars. This paper contributes to the ‘agenda for growth and affirmation of people and the environment’ (agape) in business. By focusing on the grammars of love and business we operationalize the concept of love in ways that business executives, managers and employees can understand, adopt, and implement. With references to the theory and practice of management and organizations, we aim to contribute to expanding the theory and practice of responsible organizations and their leaders caring for others.

A public, full-text version of the article is available here.

“Christian Theology and the Capabilities Approach: Constructing a Method for Engagement”

Van den Heuvel S.C. International Journal of Public Theology 15 (2021)

International Journal of Public TheologyThis article focuses attention on the capabilities approach, an increasingly influential approach to human development. The case is made that, in light of its popularity, a Christian public theological engagement with this approach is needed. The various attempts that have been made up until now to engage the capabilities approach from the perspective of Christian theology have been lacking in methodological awareness and clarity. On account of this weakness an explicit methodological framework is developed through a revised form of the method of correlation. For that purpose, the
work of Paul Tillich, David Tracy and Dan Browning is put to use. What this revised method leads to in practice is examined through a dialogue with Martha Nussbaum (one of the main proponents of the capabilities approach) and Dietrich Bonhoeffer.

 

2020

“Leading Oneself in a VUCA World: Lessons from the Field of Religious Leadership.”

Barentsen, J. In: Ebben van Zyl, Andrew Campbell, & Liezel Lues (eds.), Chaos is a Gift? Leading Oneself in Uncertain and Complex Environments. KR, 2020

Chaos is a Gift? Leading Oneself in Uncertain and Complex EnvironmentsCan chaos be a gift? When dealt with effectively, it can lead to greater innovation, better teamwork, better interpersonal relations and better performance. But in order to achieve this within a changing and demanding VUCA environment, leaders and non-leaders must first learn to lead themselves. This guide will show you how to do exactly that within our own turbulent times.
Chaos is a Gift? offers practical realities and specific recommendations on how to lead yourself in the private and public sectors, the academic world and conflict/post-conflict environments. This book is ideal for leaders in broad range of environments, including the business, private, academic, and public sectors, and conflict/post-conflict environments.

Historical and Multidsciplinary Perspectives on Hope

Van den Heuvel S.C. (ed.) Springer, 2020

Historical and Multidsciplinary Perspectives on HopeThis open access volume makes an important contribution to the ongoing research on hope theory by combining insights from both its long history and its increasing multi-disciplinarity. In the first part, it recognizes the importance of the centuries-old reflection on hope by offering historical perspectives and tracing it back to ancient Greek philosophy. At the same time, it provides novel perspectives on often-overlooked historical theories and developments and challenges established views. The second part of the volume documents the state of the art of current research in hope across eight disciplines, which are philosophy, theology, psychology, economy, sociology, health studies, ecology, and development studies. Taken together, this volume provides an integrated view on hope as a multi-faced phenomenon. It contributes to the further understanding of hope as an essential human capacity, with the possibility of transforming our human societies.

A public, full-text version of the book is available here.

Being Human in a Technological Age: Rethinking Theological Anthropology

Van den Heuvel S.C. (ed.) Peeters, 2020

Being Human in a Technological Age: Rethinking Theological Anthropology‘What does it mean to be human?’ This age-old question has gained new urgency in the light of current technological developments. This volume addresses these developments, as well as the impact they have on human self-understanding, particularly from the perspective of Christian theological anthropology. This volume consists of fourteen chapters, divided into four different parts. The first part explores the challenges that contemporary technology poses with regard to human self-understanding. In the second part, the conceptual assumptions of technological developments themselves are critically questioned. The third part offers theological perspectives on technological developments and assumptions. The fourth and last part of the book returns to the empirical realm, describing the ethical challenges that can be experienced living with complex technology.

 

2019

Servant Leadership, Social Entrepreneurship and the Will to Serve: Spiritual Foundations and Business Applications

Bouckaert, L., Van den Heuvel S.C. (eds.) Palgrave, 2019

Servant Leadership (Palgrave)This book brings together a number of important essays on the intersection of servant leadership and social entrepreneurship, examining them through a shared focus on ‘the will to serve’. This combination bears out the insight that inspiring social and economic leaders are able to transform a conflictual human settlement into a collaborative and caring human community. The book seeks to answer the question of whether we can induce from their ‘way of doing things’ a model of civic entrepreneurship and leadership that can inspire people in profit, non-profit and public organizations. It also examines the extent to which the will to serve is compatible with the will to maximize profit or the will to gain economic, political or religious power. Furthermore, it asks how far different spiritual traditions create different models and examples of servant leadership and social entrepreneurship. This book will be of interest to researchers working in the fields of business ethics, business spirituality and corporate social responsibility.

 

2018

Leading in a VUCA World: Integrating Leadership, Discernment and Spirituality

Kok J., Van den Heuvel S.C. Springer

Leadin in a VUCA World (Springer)This open access book brings together works by specialists from different disciplines and continents to reflect on the nexus between leadership, spirituality and discernment, particularly with regard to a world that is increasingly volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA). The book spells out, first of all, what our VUCA world entails, and how it affects businesses, organizations, and societies as a whole. Secondly, the book develops new perspectives on the processes of leadership, spirituality, and discernment, particularly in this VUCA context. These perspectives are interdisciplinary in nature, and are informed by e.g. management studies, leadership theory, philosophy, and theology.

A public, full-text version of the book is available here.

“Luther and Bonhoeffer on the Social Ethical Meaning of Justification by Faith Alone”

Nullens P. International Review of Economics (2018)

This article explores the social and ethical significance of the Lutheran dogma of justification by faith alone, as understood by Luther himself, and subsequently appearing in the ideas of Dietrich Bonhoeffer. The main thesis is that a Protestant ethics based on ‘sola fide’ (‘by faith alone’) is a social ethics. The sola fide doctrine is Luther’s main theological heritage and permeates all Protestant social ethics. After a brief summary of this doctrine and contemporary skepticism about it, three interrelated themes are discussed: the sinful human condition, the social meaning of faith and the concept of vocation. As a result, some basic connections to an economics of community and gratitude are established. The Lutheran slogan sola fide, rightly understood, calls us to overcome our sinful selves, and by implication the egocentric grounds of our neoliberal marketplace and the boundaries of meritocracy. The gratuity needed for a social ethical economics is based on a gracious gift of God and, as such, an act of participation through faith. Our personal faith and vocation call us to assume responsibility for the common good.

“Discerning the Role of the Church in Relation to Economic Life: A Perspective from the Theology of Dietrich Bonhoeffer”

Van den Heuvel S.C. International Review of Economics (2018)

This article seeks to contribute to a further understanding of Lutheran economic ethics. Specifically, I seek to develop new insights into the role of the Church in relation to economic life by exploring the work of German Lutheran theologian, Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906–1945). I select three different elements in his description of the Church’s role. First, I describe his insistence on the Church as a deliberate socioeconomically inclusive community, and his assertion that “the view from below,” as he calls it, is of great importance. Second, I focus on what he sees as the
guardianship role of the Church in relation to economics, presenting his doctrine of the divine mandates. Thirdly, I turn my attention to his view on the role of Christian professionals in economic life. While primarily an historic study, in describing these three elements I will also briefly indicate their relevance for contemporary Lutheran economic ethics.

A public, full-text version of the article is available here.

Driven by Hope: Economics and Theology in Dialogue

Van den Heuvel S.C., Nullens P. (eds.) Peeters, 2018

Driven by Hope (publications)Driven by Hope focuses on the central human experience of hope. In particular, it seeks to further a dialogue on this theme between theology and economics – but it also contains input from philosophy and psychology. The volume is the result of an international conference on the theme. The first chapter describes hope as a phenomenon with seven dimensions – it also introduces the Hopebarometer 1.0, a psychometric instrument to measure these dimensions. The other thirteen chapters of the book are grouped in three parts. The first part, ‘Economic Perspectives’, focuses on the question how the study of hope can be appropriated more fully in the discipline of economics. The second part, ‘Theological Perspectives’, investigates hope from a theological point of view, and seeks to integrate this with an economic understanding of hope. The third and last part, ‘Case Studies’, focuses on the role of hope in specific practices.

“Laudato Si’: Enkele kritische opmerkingen”

Van den Heuvel, S.C. Philosophia Reformata 83, no. 1 (2018)

In this article, I focus on Pope Francis’s “green” encyclical, Laudato Si’. After outlining some of its characteristics, I single out the pope’s engagement with anthropocentrism for critical discussion. The pope criticizes anthropocentrism (the view that human beings alone have intrinsic value), seeing it as a root cause of ecological destruction. Instead, he proposes what I would call a theocentric conception of nature. I criticize this view. First, I suggest that the pope is insufficiently critical in adopting a theocentric approach to the common creation story. Secondly, I argue from both a biblical-theological and a philosophical perspective against the pope’s resistance to the anthropocentrism of Genesis 1:26. Thirdly, I argue that because the pope opts for non-anthropocentrism, the encyclical falls short of offering a constructive way forward in relation to functioning in a technocratic society. Through these comments, I seek to strengthen the powerful and important message of this encyclical.

 

2017

Increasing Diversity: Loss of Control or Adaptive Identity Construction?

Barentsen J., Van den Heuvel S.C., Kessler V. (eds.) Peeters, 2017

Increasing Diversity (publications)Diversity has been a leadership topic since at least the 1990’s. Since then, socio-economic, cultural, ethnic, religious and ethical diversity continues to increase through massive migration and digital media. This increasing complexity of diversity is now labeled as “superdiversity.” Organizations become complex adaptive systems to respond to these challenges. Some organizations thrive, achieving new levels of creativity and innovation. Other organizations are overwhelmed, losing control, threatened to the core of their identity. How can organizational identities be adapted to incorporate healthy levels of diversity without losing vision, direction and control? Which organizational and leadership skills are needed to enhance creativity and productivity in a superdiverse environment? An international conference at the ETF (Leuven, Belgium) addressed these challenges. This volume sketches the contours of the diversity leadership debate, its ethical and spiritual dimensions and the shape of diversity leadership in religious institutions such as faith communities and schools of theology.

Bonhoeffer’s Christocentric Theology and Fundamental Debates in Environmental Ethics

Van den Heuvel S.C. Princeton Theological Monograph Series. Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2017

Bonhoeffer's Christocentric Theology (publications)There is widespread understanding of the close connection between religion and the ecological crisis, and that in order to amend this crisis, theological resources are needed. This monograph seeks to contribute to this endeavor by engaging the theology of Dietrich Bonhoeffer. His theology is particularly suitable in this context, due to its open-ended nature, and to the prophetic and radical nature of the questions he was prepared to ask–that is why there are many other attempts to contextualize Bonhoeffer’s theology in areas that he himself has not directly written about. In this monograph, Steven van den Heuvel first of all addresses the question of how to translate Bonhoeffer’s theology in a methodologically sound way. He settles on a modified form of the general method of correlation. Then, secondly, van den Heuvel sets out to describe five major concepts in Bonhoeffer’s work, bringing these into critical interplay with discussions in environmental ethics and eco-theology. In making the correlations he thoroughly describes each concept, situating it in the historic and intellectual background of Bonhoeffer’s time. He then transposes these concepts to contemporary environmental ethics, describing what contribution Bonhoeffer’s theology can make.

The End of Leadership? Leadership and Authority at Crossroads

Barentsen J., Van den Heuvel S.C., Lin P. (eds.) Peeters, 2017

The End of Leadership? (publications)The End of Leadership outlines a response to the deep and dramatic changes currently taking place in leadership, power and authority, as observed in our societies. The volume is the result of a conference on the theme. The papers consolidated in this volume are divided into three main parts. In the first part, a theoretical discussion on the changing shape of authority is discussed. In the second, leadership models that challenge traditional leadership models are described. These include the influence of complexity and a network society on leadership. The final part of this volume focuses on leadership ethics and prudence. These papers discuss ethical challenges because of the “End of Leadership”, which are characterized by the need for deliberation and prudence.

 

2016

Christian Leadership in a Changing World: Perspectives from Africa and Europe

Barentsen J., Meier E., Kessler V. (eds.) Peeters, 2016

Christian Leadership in a Changing World (publications)How can leaders live their Christian values in a world which is changing at an ever faster pace and getting more complex every day? In this volume, more than a dozen authors from Africa and Europe present the topic of Christian leadership either from a theoretical perspective-introducing new approaches, reflecting on biblical examples, giving frameworks for evaluation-or through case studies presenting and evaluating practical aspects of Christian leadership in a variety of cultural and organizational settings. Leadership scholars and Christian leaders who do not want to follow the latest fad in leadership studies, but who want to critically reflect on their own perspectives and approaches to leadership will find a wealth of inspiring and challenging thoughts in this volume.

“The Flourishing of Human Life: Fostering a Dialogue Between Theology and the Capabilities Approach Through Dietrich Bonhoeffer”

Van den Heuvel, S.C. Theologica Wratislaviensia 11 (2016)

“Laudato Si’: Enkele kritische opmerkingen”

Van den Heuvel S.C. Radix 42, no. 2 (2016)

Challenges of Moral Leadership

Nullens P., Van den Heuvel S.C. (eds.) Peeters, 2016

Challenges of Moral Leadership (publications)What is it about leadership that makes being a moral leader such a challenge? Why do leaders typically make the same mistakes over and over again, throughout history, across cultures and over time? How do expectations of heroic leadership impact a leader’s moral integrity? How do followers contribute to (or undermine) a robust ethical stance of their leaders? This volume addresses these and other questions from a variety of interdisciplinary, practitioner and faith perspectives. It contains, for example, a historical account of leadership challenges, an engagement with the responsibility ethics of Dietrich Bonhoeffer, and a contextual study of the specific challenges of ethical leadership in Russia.
This second volume of the series Christian Perspectives on Leadership and Social Ethics, published by the Institute of Leadership and Ethics, of the Evangelische Theologische Faculteit in Leuven (Belgium), serves leaders to face an increasingly complex reality.

 

2014

Leadership, Innovation, and Spirituality

Nullens P., Barentsen J. (eds.) Peeters, 2014

Leadership, Innovation, and Spirituality (publications)In a world of managerial discourse, measurement and control, leaders and workers alike cry out for inspiration and innovation in a way that respects their humanity. Spirituality as the search for meaning and a healthy work/life balance is therefore no longer an esoteric phenomenon but part of mainstream leadership. In this volume, two business leaders share how they have seen the need for spiritual leadership develop at their places of work. A psychologist and a philosopher explain what spirituality is, and how it works in the practice of business leadership. Three theologians frame spirituality by demonstrating the benefits of Ignatian spirituality, by comparing spiritual leadership with Christ’s offices as king, prophet and priest, and by reflecting on the human tendency to glorify the leader and how destructive tendencies can be avoided in spiritual leadership. This maiden volume of the series Christian Perspectives on Leadership and Social Ethics, is published by the Institute of Leadership and Ethics, of the Evangelische Theologische Faculteit in Leuven (Belgium) and serves leaders to face increasing pressure for innovation in today’s fast changing world.

 

2013

Theologia caritatis and the Moral Authority of Scripture: Approaching 2 Timothy 3:16-17 with a hermeneutic of love”

Nullens P. European Journal of Theology (2013)

The classical evangelical view of the moral authority of Scripture is being challenged by the postmodern shift. The questions asked by postmodernism make it untenable to approach Scripture as providing objective answers to a list of ethical dilemmas. In response to this challenge, we need to find a proper balance between the normative and formative character of Scripture. My claim is that scriptural authority can only be appreciated in light of Jesus’ double commandment of love. We revisit the
Augustinian concept of a hermeneutics of love. In a theologia caritatis love is seen to precede knowledge and is used as a hermeneutical tool. Love is a lens through which we see true values. However, love is not a vague emotional notion, deprived of all normative principles. The ‘covenantal relationship’ narrated in Scripture provides the framework for moral authority. True love is ‘obedient love’. We will apply this hermeneutic of love to 2 Timothy 3:16-17, the passage most commonly used to affirm the moral authority of Scripture.

“Towards a Spirituality of Public Leadership: Engaging Dietrich Bonhoeffer”

Nullens P. International Journal of Public Theology (2013)

This article is a reflective answer to the growing interest in the ‘spirituality’ of a leader found both among active leaders and in the field of Leadership Studies. The term ‘spirituality’ is so complex, however, it requires a more thorough theological reflection than (secular) Leadership Studies can offer, especially considering the more specific matter of how a Christian leader embodies his/her spirituality in his/her leadership. This article discusses four components of leadership: the leader’s sense of reality, the sense of a higher calling, the sense of belonging and the sense of morality. Further, the thought of Dietrich Bonhoeffer provides each of these components with not only a Christian but an explicitly Christocentric content.

 

2011

Emerging Leadership in the Pauline Mission: A Social Identity Perspective on Local Leadership Development in Corinth and Ephesus

Barentsen, J. Princeton Theological Monograph Series. Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2011

merging Leadership in the Pauline Mission (publications)Where did Paul find leaders for his new churches? How did he instruct and develop them? What processes took place to stabilize the churches and institute their new leadership? This book carves a fresh trail in leadership studies by looking at leadership development from a group-dynamic, social identity perspective. Paul engages the cultural leadership patterns of his key local leaders, publicly affirming, correcting, and improving those patterns to conform to a Christlike pattern of sacrificial service. Paul’s own life and ministry offer a motivational and authoritative model for his followers, because he embodies the leadership style he teaches. As a practical theologian avant la lettre, Paul contextualizes key theological themes to strengthen community and leadership formation, and equips his church leaders as entrepreneurs of Christian identity. A careful comparison of the Corinthian and Ephesian churches demonstrates a similar overall pattern of development. This study engages Pauline scholarship on church office in depth and offers alternative readings of five Pauline epistles, generating new insights to enrich dogmatic and practical theological reflection. In a society where many churches reflect on their missional calling, such input from the NT for contemporary Christian leadership formation is direly needed.

“Three paradigms to bridge the gap: Abraham Kuyper, Stanley Hauerwas and Dietrich Bonhoeffer”

In: Bram de Muynck, Pieter Vos & Johan Hegeman (eds.), Bridging the Gap. Connecting Christian Faith and Professional Practice. Proceedings of the European Iapche-Conference 2009, Sioux Centre: Dordt Press, 2011

 

2010

The Matrix of Christian Ethics: Integrating Philosophy and Moral Theology in a Postmodern Context

Nullens P., Michener R. T. Paternoster Publishing, 2010

Matrix of Christian Ethics (publications)In today’s world, many Christians don’t know how to live ethically, let alone know what ethics is. Christian ethics probes our deepest sensibilities as humans and how we seek the good for others as well as for ourselves as followers of Christ. This book begins to delve into this relevant and contemporary subject through methodological reflection on the commands, purposes, values, and virtues of Christian life in today’s context. To address these factors, an integrative approach to ethics is proposed, borrowing from classical ethical models such as consequential ethics, principle ethics, virtue ethics, and value ethics. This is what the authors call a matrix of Christian ethics. This matrix will be played out in a variety of ways throughout the book, from the discussion of the postmodern situation of ethics and values to current proposals for the ongoing development of Christian ethics today. It concludes with some practically oriented guidelines to help the reader consider contemporary ethical questions and conflicts within a framework of biblical wisdom, in view of the ongoing work of the Holy Spirit in the lives of followers of Christ.

 

Other Publications

In addition to our academic publications, we have publications that are aimed at disseminating academic knowledge.

2016

“Grondslagen van hoop, angst en afgunst in de Verenigde Staten”

Van den Heuvel S.C., Burger M., Pleeging E. Christen Democratische Verkenningen 4 (2016)

“Hoop als drijfveer in de ontwikkelingseconomie”

Van den Heuvel S.C. Economische Statistische Berichten 101, no. 4742S (2016)

“Hoop als drijfveer”

Nullens P., Burger M., Van den Heuvel S.C., Pleeging E. Tijdschrift voor Management & Organisatie 70, nos. 3–4 (2016)

‘Caritas’ kan worden opgevat als een vorm van vertrouwen. Als zodanig is het verbonden met andere vormen van vertrouwen, zoals hoop. Naast liefde en geloof, is hoop een van de drie christelijke kerndeugden. Ze zijn onafscheidelijk met elkaar verbonden. Ze zijn niet alleen deugden die ons handelen richting geven, het zijn ook drie eigenschap- pen van de mens. Deze stelling wordt in het eerste deel van het artikel onderbouwd. Vervolgens richten de auteurs zich op het belang dat hoop heeft voor het economische leven en voor economen.

 

2014

“Slim omgaan met ethische dilemma’s”

Nullens P. Tijdschrift voor Management & Organisatie (2014)

Dit artikel richt zich op de ethische uitdagingen waar leiders in organisaties mee te maken krijgen. Aan de hand van een casus uit de praktijk wordt de aandacht gevestigd op het opvallende gebrek aan ethische reflectie door leiders – ‘morele intelligentie’ is een vaak onderbelichte vaardigheid. Dit artikel komt daaraan tegemoet door de aard van ethische reflectie te beschrijven. Ethisch verantwoord handelen wordt gedefinieerd als een vorm van hermeneutiek, of interpretatie: ethische keuzes zijn reflecties van de wijze waarop mensen zin geven aan de werkelijkheid. Om dit hermeneutische proces te helpen wordt een raamwerk voorgesteld: een matrix waarin de vier verschillende ethische benaderingen worden beschreven. Ook worden er vijf niveaus ontwaard in de context waarin ethische keuzes worden gemaakt. Tezamen vormen deze onderscheidingen handvatten om met ethische dilemma’s om te gaan in de context van menselijke organisaties.